Issue 42

R. Pawliczek et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 42 (2017) 30-39; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.42.04 31 based on experimental results which were obtained for different materials, loading conditions, applied stress levels. It is possible to describe a proper damage accumulation rule for such cases only. Fatemi and Yang [7] present a wide number of different cumulative fatigue damage and life prediction theories. They conclude that none of them is widely accepted. Each damage model can only account for one or several phenomenological factors, such as load dependence, multiple damage stages, nonlinear damage evolution, load sequence and interaction effects, over load effects, small amplitude cycles below the fatigue limit and mean stress. The tests presented by Chiou and Yip [8] shows the effect of the mean load based on the example of research on AISI 316 alloy steel subjected to uniaxial loads of constant amplitude and the saw-toothed waveform. Curve parameters of cyclic strengthening were determined for a fixed value of the mean strain of ε m = 0.1%; 0; 0.2%; 0.4% resulting in the following values: K’=745.594; 722.571; 693.080; 587.699 MPa and n’=0.1572; 0.1507; 0.1424; 0.1170 [8], respectively. In the case of block loads involving different mean values in each load blocks, distinct changes of fatigue life are observed. The authors Memon at al. [9] shows the results of fatigue tests under conditions of two-stage block loads in Lo-Hi and Hi-Lo sequences (Fig. 1) for different sequences of amplitude and the mean stressess. a) b) Figure 1 : The sequence of blocks according to [8]: a) Lo-Hi, b) Hi-Lo. The algorithm of fatigue life calculation, proposed by the authors, uses Lemaitre’s model of kinematics hardening and also additional stress-strain analysis based on MES method. Final degree of damage accumulation was calculated with the use of linear Palmgren-Miner rule. The results present good agreement between calculations and tests in the cases, where amplitudes of the load in analyzed sequences were on similar level and maxi-mum stresses were near the yield limit. Bigger difference be-tween amplitudes of the loading in the block sequence strongly influences on the level of the degree of damage accumulation for Hi Lo and Lo-Hi cases. The effect of block loads on the fatigue life is shown by Pawliczek and Lachowicz [10], which have involved bending of specimens from S355J0 steel to certain maximum stress levels. In the case of loads at yield point, a difference in fatigue life has been observed depending on the direction of increase of the mean load, and fatigue life was twice lower if the highest mean load value occurred in the beginning of the load sequence. Similar tests were performed by Pawliczek [11]. The paper describes the research on the relationship between stress and strain under bending block loads where the mean value of the load varied for each block segment. A significant impact of such a load on strains generated in the material, and consequently on the fatigue life, is shown. It can be seen, that analyze of the stress-strain relation is an important part of block loading fatigue tests where mean load is applied. Such investigations allow considering that effect and verifying the influence of the mean load on it. The aim of this paper is to create an algorithm for stress history parameters definition and its application for calculations of accumulation damage degree. M ODEL FOR STRESS HISTORY PARAMETERS DEFINITION he model for stress amplitude and mean stress value calculation bases on the model of the hysteresis loop presented by Chiou and Yip [8]. I was assumed that the shape of the stable hysteresis loop remains unchanged under the same strain amplitude and different mean strain level conditions. Additionally, the stable hysteresis loop shifts in accordance with the value of the mean strain. This results in symmetry of the hysteresis loop according to the point described by mean strain ε m and mean stress σ m (Fig. 2).  t  1min  1max  2max  2min BLOCK 1 N 1 cycles BLOCK 2 N 2 cycles  t  1min  1max  2max  2min BLOCK 1 N 1 cycles BLOCK 2 N 2 cycles T