Issue 35

A. Pawełek et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 35 (2016) 21-30; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.35.03 25 (a) (b) Figure 5 : AE event energy and engineering stress (a) versus time during strain test of Mg4Li5Al at elevated temperature (200ºC), and corresponding SEM image of fracture (b) . The analysis of the AE and PL effects and their relation to the fracture (Figs.2 to 5) is performed with reference to the situation at room temperature (Fig.2a), where the fracture is of transcrystalline character (Fig.2b). In this case the brittle (fissile) fracture is bound with discontinuities of the fault type and the contribution of surface deformation and traces of intercrystalline fracture. Next, it can be seen in Fig.3, that the AE activity and intensity at 100ºC (Fig. 3a) is visibly greater than at room temperature. The fracture type observed in Fig.3b has not essentially changed, and it is still transcrystalline with a distinct contribution of intergranular fracture and traces of surface deformation. However, the behavior of AE has drastically changed at 150ºC (Fig.4a, AE in scale of tenfold smaller). The both, AE activity and intensity are considerably lower than in the previously discussed cases. The fracture is still transcrystalline (Fig.4b), however, cracking along the grain boundaries prevails. The traces of the plastic strain of surface boundary and the single voids and cavities are also observed. From the above analysis we can suppose that the observed changes in the AE behavior may signal the beginning of the transition from one to another kind of fracture. It seems that this supposition is confirmed by the next observations, illustrated in Fig.5. The AE at 200ºC (Fig.5a) is again of higher level, though slightly lower than earlier, whereas the fracture (Fig.5b) is of intercrystalline character with a traced contribution of ductile and fissile surfaces. The above presented results may be additionally supported by the calculations of the mean values of the local drops of external stress, total sum of AE event counts and AE event energy calculated in the range of strains (or duration of each compression test) corresponding up to maximal value of external load. The mean energy per one AE event was also calculated. These values are presented in Tab. 1. It can be seen that all values achieve minimum just at 150ºC when the discussed fracture transition is beginning. It is worth to emphasize here that the relation between the AE activity (AE local peaks) and the PL effect (which accompanies local jumps of external stresses), according to [8,11], may be quite well explained in terms of collective and accelerated movement of many dislocations generated in single slip planes by the sources which are alternately active and blocked by solute atoms (Cottrell atmospheres). It is strongly suggested in papers [6,8,10,11], that also the contribution to AE signals may originate from the synchronized of both, internal and surface annihilation of many dislocations. Table 1 : The stress and AE parameters for Mg4Li5Al alloys tensile tested at elevated temperatures. Fig.6 and Fig.7 present corresponding TEM pictures observed after tensile tests of Mg4Li5Al alloy at 150ºC and 200ºC, respectively. It is possible to say generally, that, in the microscale, the changes are not as evident as in the SEM images, which illustrate the fracture changes in the macroscale. The TEM pictures, however, show that the microcracks may be formed due to the stress concentration caused by the condensation of inclusions and/or dislocation assembles at the grain Mean values → Local jumps of external stress [Mp] Sum of AE event counts Sum of AE event energy [nJ] Energy per one AE event [nJ] Temperature RT 0.6 21393 1389000 64.9 100ºC 0.8 26696 1780000 66.7 150ºC in errors range 1039 61000 58.7 200ºC 0.1 20197 1200000 59.4