Issue 35

E. Dall’Asta et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 35 (2016) 161-171; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.35.19 166 Fabrication) 3D printing technique, which is based on a layer-by-layer deposition, controlled by a slicing software, of plastic filaments (of 0.3 to 0.5 mm in diameter) supplied by an extrusion nozzle. PLA can be mechanically characterized by a visco-elastic behaviour which can be described for instance by the Maxwell-Wiechert model. Tensile tests are performed on five 3D printed rectangular specimens with width 80mm, length 162mm (clear length 119.2mm) and thickness 2mm, containing a central hole with maximum size of 30mm and different shape and orientation: (i) a circular hole; (ii) an elliptical hole with aspect ratio 0.2 normal to the load axis; (iii) an elliptical hole, with aspect ratio 0.1, normal to the load axis; (iv) an elliptical hole, with aspect ratio 0.1, 60° inclined with respect to the load axis; (v) an elliptical hole, with aspect ratio 0.1, 45° inclined with respect to the load axis. The load is acting in the direction of the major dimension of the specimens and is applied by displacement control of about 0.3mm every 30s. Note that in each layer the deposition of plastic filaments follows the 45° direction with respect to the load axis, so as to induce some degree of orthotropy in the 3D printed specimens. (a) (b) Figure 1: (a) Modified direct tension test for a mastic specimen at failure; (b) Tensile test for a polylactic specimen. A full-format Nikon D3X (6048x4032 pixels) digital camera, with 105 mm lens and 6 micrometers pixel size, was used for DIC experiment. The camera was opportunely located on a tripod, in order to totally capture the sample, and the images were taken manually at defined temporal instants. Specimens have been treated before testing by applying an irregular painted surface pattern in order to get a nonuniform well-contrasted coloured surface suitable for performing DIC analyses. An example of the test configuration at failure is shown in Fig. 1(b). R ESULTS or comparison purposes, the in-house DIC system based on both LSM and SGM methods along with that of the open source code Ncorr are employed to obtain experimental measures of 2D full-field displacements and strains maps for mastic and PLA specimens. Deformation components are calculated according to the Green-Lagrange finite strain tensor, which, in the case of small displacement gradient compared to unity, coincides with the small strain tensor. In the following, some selected contour maps of displacements and strains are reported, bearing in mind that X is aligned with the loading axis (see Fig. 1). The results correspond to an applied nominal strain equal to about 30% of the strain at failure. Figs. 2-3 present the asphalt mastic specimens contour maps whereas, for PLA specimens, results for elliptical hole, with aspect ratio 0.1, normal to the load axis, and for elliptical hole, with aspect ratio 0.1, 60° inclined with respect to the load axis are reported in Figs. 4-6. The longitudinal nominal strain is equal to 2.01% and 3.36%, respectively. C OMPARISON WITH FE AND DISCUSSION inite Element (FE) models of the PLA plates containing an elliptical hole are performed. Eight node finite elements in plane stress conditions are used. The FE model is loaded in tension by imposing a null axial displacement at one end and a uniform displacement at the opposite end. Linear and geometrically non-linear analyses are performed. F F