Issue 35

J. Kramberger et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 35 (2016) 142-151; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.35.17 145 represented by the computational models built of multiple representative volume elements (RVEs), as shown in Fig. 3. Figure 3 : (a) Lotus-type porous iron specimen cross-section [6], (b) geometry of model with shifted pores and (c) geometry of a single RVE with its characteristic parameters: (i) edge length 2a and (ii) pore diameter 2r. Each RVE is represented by a square block with central cylindrical hole. The length of RVE’s edge of 2a = 0.825 mm was determined in the previous study of lotus-type porous material and represents an average RVE size for different porosities of manufactured specimens investigated [6]. Four computational models with different pore topologies presenting lotus- type porous material were studied, as shown in Fig. 4: a) Regular model with aligned pores: the irregular lotus-type pore distribution was simplified by assuming regular periodic pattern shown in Fig. 4a, where RVEs are aligned in both vertical and horizontal direction. b) Regular model with 45° rotated aligned pores: this computational model had the same structure as the previous model whereby the aligned pore topology was rotated by 45° around vector parallel to the pore direction, as shown in Fig. 4b. c) Regular model with shifted pores: the regular model had RVEs stacked in vertical direction with every horizontal line shifted for half of the RVE width of in horizontal direction, as shown in Fig. 4c. d) Reconstructed irregular model: irregular model was generated by reconstructing the real pore distribution of lotus- type porous specimens, shown in Fig. 4d [6]. The porosity was regulated with change of pore diameter. For first three computational models with regular pore structure, the pore diameter equal 0.55 mm was chosen. The size of each model is a square, 3.3 × 3.3 mm, what corresponded to configuration of 16 RVEs, in model with aligned pores. The porosity of each model was indirectly measured by the use of pre-processing package Abaqus and was equal to 0.234. The structures, shown in Fig. 4, were used as a basis for FEM analysis of uniaxial loading. The analysis was 2-D under plane strain conditions. Fig. 4 shows the finite element mesh. All models were discretized with plane strain finite elements with linear discretization. The global size of finite elements was chosen equal 0.03 mm, based on parametrical convergence study on simplified model, represented with only one RVE. For model with irregular pores, element size was adjusted to 0.02 in order to satisfy narrow spaces between pores. Figure 4 : Cross section of lotus-type porous material: (a) aligned, (b) 45° rotated, (c) shifted regular and (d) reconstructed irregular model with porosity of 0.234. r 2a (a) (b) (c) 2a (a) (b) (c) (d)