Issue 35

S. Barter et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 35 (2016) 132-141; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.35.16 138 to remain coherent; Locations A and B. This has led to river-patterns on fatigue crack surfaces that can be compared to the relatively smoother fracture surface labelled at C. Such local roughness and break-up of the crack front is expected to lead to non-ideal conditions of crack growth. Crack deflection is known to cause slower crack growth, particularly in this material when ∆ K and K max > ~5MPa√m, and bifurcation of the crack appears to occur though fissuring. These are all recognised sources [23] of crack growth retardation, and may indicate a correlation between the extent of deviation from the ideal crack growth path (i.e. roughness) and a decrease in the effective crack opening or ∆ K (i.e. an increase in the level of closure). In a practical sense, this is important to the question of using CA data to predict VA growth since it has been noted that a VA spectrum results in a smoother and less tortuous crack fracture surface, suggesting a less bifurcated crack path and thus more efficient crack growth. This is demonstrated by comparing the fatigue crack fracture surface in Fig. 6, generated by a test spectrum with sub-blocks of high R CA with underloads, with that shown in Fig. 5. Fig. 6 shows a fracture surface that is far more tortuous with many river patters on a micro scale that are being significantly influenced by the microstructure of the grains through which the crack is passing, as well as at grain boundaries. This figure also shows that the path taken across each grain and the roughness produced is consistent across that grain suggesting that the crack is becoming locked onto particular sets of paths in each grain for each direction of crack growth. Because the overall crack growth rate is controlled by the average growth through the material, the wide extent of roughness, though the multiple paths being taken, will lead to further retardation of the growth. This can be seen in the more smooth growth at location C in Fig. 5, compared to the growth at locations A and B. This is illustrated in the following examination of growth rates. Figure 5 : An AA7050-T7451 fatigue crack surface produced by a complex spectrum showing a crack path that is reasonably flat compared to that seen in Fig. 2. While microstructural influence is still obvious it is not as significant as in Fig. 2A. Nevertheless, there are still variations in the conformity of the crack front as it passes though each grain; c.f. regions A and B, where the crack has formed inter planar steps (river patterns) compared to region C which is relatively flat. Figure 6 : An AA7050-T7451 fatigue crack surface produced by a simple spectrum showing a more crystallographic crack path with many fine changes in direction as the crack attempts to stay aligned to particular planes within each grain of the material.