Issue 35

X. Liu et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 35 (2016) 88-97; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.35.11 92 indicating that several grains exist within the diffraction area of 200 nm in diameter. This phenomenon verifies the existence of fine granular area. However, the SAD patterns of that at R =0.3 in Fig. 7(b) and (c) show the isolated spots, indicating only a single grain in the diffraction area. Both the SAD patterns of that away from the FGA in Fig. 6(d) and Fig. 7(d) are isolated spots, which is regardless of stress ratio. These results support our recent proposed mechanism of numerous cyclic pressing between crack surfaces for the formation of FGA [21]. Figure 5: Typical examples of morphology of failed specimens with cracks initiated from interior inclusion with FGA (marked with dotted circle) for the four stress ratios. (a) R =-1, σ a ＝ 989 MPa, N f ＝ 1.11×10 8 , (b) R =-0.5, σ a ＝ 633 MPa, N f ＝ 4.81×10 8 , (c) R =0.1, σ a =534 MPa, N f =1.84  10 7 , and (d) R =0.3, σ a =430 MPa, N f =8.70  10 8 . Effects of stress ratio and inclusion on the fatigue strength The inclusion size area inc at the crack initiation site was measured from the SEM images of fracture surface, which is the projection area of inclusion. Fig. 8 presents the relation between the fatigue life and the inclusion size. It is seen from Fig. 8 that the size of the inclusion is scattered between 6 μm and 69 μm, and most of them is mainly distributed between 6 μm and 20 μm. The size of inclusion is independent of fatigue life and stress ratio. Our previous research has shown that the fatigue strength involving the effect of stress ratio and inclusion size is expressed as [20] , 0 1 2          l m a R R CN a (3) where C , l and m are material parameters, and a 0 denotes the inclusion size. Here, Eq. (3) is used to correlate the effect of stress ratio and inclusion size on fatigue strength. The parameter m is taken as -1/6 [18]. The parameters C =e 10.5 and l =-0.0511 are determined by fitting experimental data of failed specimens with cracks initiated from specimen interior with FGA at R =–1, and the parameter α is calculated as 0.713 by taking C =e 10.5 and l =-0.0511 and using the experimental data of failed specimens with cracks initiated from specimen interior with FGA at R =0.1. (a) (b) (c) (d)