Issue34

N.R. Gates et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 34 (2015) 27-41; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.34.03 36 Figure 6 : Schematic showing coordinate systems and nomenclature relevant to the proposed frictional attenuation model The friction stress acting at the crack interface is calculated by multiplying the compressive normal stress, σ x’ , by a coefficient of friction, µ , which represents the friction between opposing crack faces under ideal contact conditions. Coefficients of friction for various materials can be readily found in machinery handbooks such as [24] and typical reported values for static coefficients include 1.1-1.3 for aluminum on aluminum contact, 0.7-0.8 for steel on steel, and 1.0 for copper on copper. Although sliding coefficients of friction are harder to find, typical values range from 50-80% of the value of the static coefficient for the same material. Since relative motion occurs between crack faces in mode II crack growth, a sliding coefficient of friction should be assumed. This friction stress then serves to react all or part of the transformed shear stress, τ xy’ . If the value of the friction stress is greater than the transformed shear stress , then the entire value of τ xy’ is considered to be acting at the crack interface as the local shear stress component, τ nt . If the available friction stress is less than the transformed shear stress, on the other hand, then τ nt assumes the value of the friction stress. However, if local normal stress component, σ x’ , is tensile, then no contact occurs between opposing crack faces, no load is transferred through the crack, and both σ n and τ nt are zero. Additionally, because crack faces perpendicular to local stress component σ y’ are not in contact, this stress component is not transferred through the crack (i.e. σ t = 0). This can be expressed mathematically by Eqs. (1) and (2):          0 x 0 x if 0 if x n ' ' '     (1)                            ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' xy x x xy xy x x xy xy x x and 0 if and 0 if 0 if 0 nt             (2) The Macaulay brackets in Eq. (2) represent the following function: ‹x› = (x+|x|)/2 . By taking the local crack face stress components, in n-t coordinates, and transforming them back into the original x-y coordinate system, a new shear stress component, τ frict , can be obtained. This quantity reflects the portion of the nominally applied shear stress that is transferred through the crack due to friction and crack roughness. Therefore, an effective shear stress value, τ eff , can be calculated by subtracting the frictional shear stress from the nominal value, i.e. τ eff = τ xy – τ frict . This effective value of shear stress is then used to compute the effective mode II SIF acting at the crack tip. To this point, the proposed model only relies on two parameters in addition to the nominal loading: the average effective crack face asperity angle and the coefficient of friction. The coefficient of friction is assumed to be a constant, while the average effective asperity angle is allowed to evolve in order to reflect changes in crack face contact conditions. An equation describing the variation in effective asperity angle is proposed as follows: