Issue34

F. Berto, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 34 (2015) 11-26; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.34.02 12 representation implies also a new definition of mass [4, 6]. The distinction between large and small bodies should ever be considered by avoiding to transfer directly the design rules valid for large components to small ones under the hypothesis that all material inhomogeneities can be averaged [1-6]. Keeping in mind the observations above and limiting our considerations to large bodies (i.e. large volume to surface ratio), for which an averaging process is still valid, the paper is addressed to review a volume-based Strain Energy Density Approach applied to Static and Fatigue Strength Assessments of notched and welded structures [7-14]. The concept of “elementary” volume and “structural support length” was introduced many years ago [15-17] and it states that not the theoretical maximum notch stress is the static or fatigue strength-effective parameter in the case of pointed or sharp notches, but rather the notch stress averaged over a short distance normal to the notch edge. In high cycle fatigue regime, the integration path should coincide with the early fatigue crack propagation path. A further idea was to determine the fatigue-effective notch stress directly (i.e. without notch stress averaging) by performing the notch stress analysis with a fictitiously enlarged notch radius,  f , corresponding to the relevant support [15-17]. Fundamentals of Critical Distance Mechanics applied to static failure, state that crack propagation occurs when the normal strain [18] or circumferential stress    [19] at some critical distance from the crack tip reaches a given critical value. This “Point Criterion” becomes a “Line criterion” in Refs. [20, 21] who dealt with components weakened by sharp V-shaped notches. A stress criterion of brittle failure was proposed based on the assumption that crack initiation or propagation occurs when the mean value of decohesive stress over a specified damage segment d 0 reaches a critical value. The length d 0 is 2-5 times the grain size and then ranges for most metals from 0.03 mm to 0.50 mm. The segment d 0 was called “elementary increment of the crack length”. Dealing with this topic a previous paper, Ref. [22], was quoted in Refs [20, 21]. Afterwards, this critical distance-based criterion was extended also to structural elements under multi-axial loading [23, 24] by introducing a non-local failure function combining normal and shear stress components, both normalised with respect to the relevant fracture stresses of the material. Dealing with notched components the idea that a quantity averaged over a finite size volume controls the stress state in the volume by means of a single parameter, the average value of the circumferential   stress [25]. For many years the Strain Energy Density (SED) has been used to formulate failure criteria for materials exhibiting both ductile and brittle behaviour. Since Beltrami [26] to nowadays the SED has been found being a powerful tool to assess the static and fatigue behaviour of notched and un-notched components in structural engineering. Different SED-based approaches were formulated by many researchers. Dealing here with the strain energy density concept, it is worthwhile contemplating some fundamental contributions [27- 35]. The concept of “core region” surrounding the crack tip was proposed in Ref. [27]. The main idea is that the continuum mechanics stops short at a distance from the crack tip, providing the concept of the radius of the core region. The strain energy density factor S was defined as the product of the strain energy density by a critical distance from the point of singularity [28]. Failure was thought of as controlled by a critical value S c , whereas the direction of crack propagation was determined by imposing a minimum condition on S . The theory was extended to employ the total strain energy density near the notch tip [29], and the point of reference was chosen to be the location on the surface of the notch where the maximum tangential stress occurs. The strain energy density fracture criterion was refined and extensively summarised in Ref. [30]. The material element is always kept at a finite distance from the crack or the notch tip outside the “core region” where the in-homogeneity of the material due to micro-cracks, dislocations and grain boundaries precludes an accurate analytical solution. The theory can account for yielding and fracture and is applicable also to ductile materials. Depending on the local stress state, the radius of the core region may or may not coincide with the critical ligament r c that corresponds to the onset of unstable crack extension [30]. The ligament r c depends on the fracture toughness K IC , the yield stress σ y , the Poisson’s ratio  and, finally, on the ratio between dilatational and distortional components of the strain energy density. The direction of  max determines maximum distortion while  min relates to dilatation. Distortion is associated with yielding, dilatation tends to be associated to the creation of free surfaces or fracture and occurs along the line of expected crack extension [30, 31]. A critical value of strain energy density function (d W /d V ) c has been extensively used since 1965 [32-35], when first the ratio (d W /d V ) c was determined experimentally for various engineering materials by using plain and notched specimens. The deformation energy required for crack initiation in a unit volume of material is called Absorbed Specific Fracture Energy (ASFE) and its links with the critical value of J c and the critical factor S c were widely discussed. This topic was deeply considered in Refs. [28-30] where it was showed that (d W /d V ) c is equivalent to S c / r being S c the critical strain energy density factor and the radius vector r the location of failure. Since distributions of the absorbed specific energy W in notched specimens are not uniform, it was assumed that the specimen cracks as soon as a precise energy amount has been absorbed by the small plastic zone at the root of the notch. If the notch is sufficiently sharp, specific energy due to the elastic deformation is small enough to be neglected as an initial approximation [34]. While measurements of the energy