Issue 24

A. A. Shanyavskiy, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 24 (2013) 13-25; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.24.03 19 If the threshold value of stress-intensity factor (K max ) h is achieved, holding a material mechanically loaded will change a situation at the crack tip as far as the material is sensitive to the loading waveform. Now the plastic zone does not hinder the crack growth in the material held under a constant applied load. The crack grows slowly with progressing mixed transgranular and intergranular slip (see Figs. 5b, 5c). In so doing, the transgranular slip still dominates, indicating that the any serious effect of temperature, known by vigorous formation of grain-boundary voids, does not show itself. Transgranular slip develops until the material ductility is exhausted and, consequently, decohesion on the slip plane occurs the moment that the fracture surface forms. Such a pattern should be associated with the case of a highly stressed material in that transgranular slip occurs easier and, since the material is heated, is not blocked by the grain boundaries. As the slip is finished, cleavage on this slip plane occurs. The crack propagates from a bolt-joint hole toward the central disk hole in a field of centrifugal forces, which determines the level of long-term static loading of the material. As the crack length increases fast by pure-shear under a constant applied load, we believe that the crack growth is controlled by a slowly increasing stress-intensity factor. These crack- propagation conditions, creative of quite extensive Zone II, are overcritical: the crack propagates fast (by tens or hundreds microns per one flight). Such a behavior of fatigue crack (propagating from the bolt-joint hole toward the engine shaft) conforms to the disk calculations for strength. Zone III demonstrates a pattern of mixed transgranular fracture. This followed from transgranular slip and static ductile cracking (see Fig. 5d). The visible fracture surface reveals shallow dimples, indicative of low-energy fracture caused by static shear. The grain-body strength becomes virtually exhausted due to preceding vigorous transgranular slip. Consequently, formation of pores is limited as long as the free surface of fracture forms by decohesion on the slip planes. Decohesion appears a dominating way of fracture. Concurrently, local regions experience low-ductility fracture by forming degenerated dimples. Such a pattern is representative of transgranular formation and coalescence of pores, typical of a material held under a permanently applied load, Fig. 6. During a flight long as tens of minutes, a crack can propagate by tens of millimeters. Indeed, Zone-III fractures of the broken disk web reveal five sequentially repeated regions of a changed intensity of the fracture oxidation. These regions correspond to the repeated cycles of heating and cooling of the engine (having it launched and shat down, respectively). The boundaries between the regions conform to the crack-tip profiles the moment that the temperature-and-loading conditions were altered. Each region has extension over 5 mm along the crack path. (a) (b) Figure 6 : The propagation sequence (schematic) of a fatigue crack under (a) increasing or (b) constant applied load with a result that a dimpled fracture is formed [15]. Zone IV represents the final-fracture area of the disks. It reveals a dimpled-type fracture adjacent to the grain boundaries and characteristic of this alloy when going through short-term fracture under temperature-and-loading conditions reaching its fracture toughness. Thus, in service, a crack in the disks can pass the propagation Zones III and IV during a small number of flights. The crack propagates here by transgranular slip caused by a constant load applied at the maximum revolutions per minute of the engine. Therefore, the general crack-growth period, primarily contributing to the disk durability, relates to Zone I of the fracture. In Zone I, which extends to 1.0...1.2 mm in depth, steady crack growth occurs according to the fatigue- striation mechanism. Besides, the value striation spacing greater than 0.3  m corresponds to the low-cycle range of fatigue fracture. The regularities of damage caused by cracks in the disks We carefully analyzed the above data on the broken disks to compare them with the crack-growth patterns brought to light by disks servicing (see Tab. 1). Therefore, we opened all of the detected cracks and examined them fractographically.