Issue 19

P. K. Pradhan et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 19 (2012) 51-60; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.19.05 54 Tensile deformation of flat rectangular specimen containing 1 mm diameter holes These sets of experiments were carried out using the specimen geometry as shown in Fig.1. The specimens were loaded in the UTM with crosshead speed of 2 mm/min. On-line observation of the shape change of holes during tensile loading were taken by using a charge coupled device (CCD) camera interfaced to the computer. An objective lens having a magnification of 10X was attached to the CCD camera. The images transmitted to the computer were captured using Zeiss KS-300 software. The camera stage had provision of shifting the camera along all the three co-ordinate axis. Fig.5 shows the platform used for this purpose. Figure 4 : UTM (INSTRON) Machine. Figure 5 : CCD camera stage Tensile deformation of flat square specimen containing 0.5 mm diameter holes Tensile deformation studies of specimen containing 0.5 mm holes were carried out using the specimen shown in Fig. 3. These tests were carried out in a tensile stage, which was an attachment to the electron microscope (Make: Deben, Model: Microtest 5000). The tensile stage was kept below the optical microscope and loaded in tension. The various observations were made using the microscope and recorded by the Zeiss KS-300 Image analysis software. All these test were carried out with a crosshead speed of 0.02 mm/min till failure. Microstructural studies Deformed samples were polished by using the standard specimen preparation method for microstructural observation. The samples were obtained by taking section around maximum deformed or cracked region and these pieces were reduced to half of thickness by surface grinding. The machined surface is mounted in thermosetting resin and then polished using 220, 400, and 600 grit emery papers. This was followed by fine polishing using 1  m diamond paste on a lapping cloth and subsequently on alumina suspension solution. The fine polished samples were etched using 3% Nital solution for revealing the microstructure under the optical microscope. Micro structural observations were made on the undeformed samples as well as deformed samples strained to various degrees. The crack tip in the cases of samples containing holes was also observed in the similar way to study the exact path of the crack propagation. For this, the specimen were sectioned around the crack tip after the test followed by thinning to half the thickness using a surface grinder before mounting on the thermo-plastic resin. Some studies have been carried out under Optical Microscope and some others under SEM. For study under SEM, etching is not required. Microstructural studies of square specimen have done directly under electron microscope during straining. R ESULTS AND DISCUSSION he results of tensile tests and microstructural investigations are presented and discussed in the following to give better understanding of the effects of microvoids and their coalescences. Tensile behaviour of specimen without holes The yield strength (σ yp ), Young’s modulus (E), fracture stress(σ f ), UTS and strain at UTS of the specimen material (mild steel) are 244 MPa, 203.9 GPa, 263.5 MPa, 366.4 MPa and 22.3% respectively. The plot obtained during the repeatedly