Issue 19

M. Paggi, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 19 (2012) 29-36; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.19.03 30 This way of thinking is clearly inspired by biological structures, where interfaces play an active role in the realization of an optimized structured by using individual constituents of relatively poor mechanical properties [4]. For instance, bone tissue undergoes microcracking as a result of repeated daily loading cycles. Fracture toughness capabilities are related to the osteonal structure. A ductile osteon-matrix interface promotes crack initiation, but, at the same time, it reduces the velocity of crack propagation in compact bone by blunting the crack tip and trapping it within the lamellar structure [4]. Therefore, design of biological structures suggests not to avoid microcracks and defects, but rather include them as an important parameter for the optimization of the material microstructure. Recent research on this field has focused on the characterization of biological interfaces, which is considered nowadays as a topic of extreme importance. The investigation of the constituent materials organization and distribution is also a compelling need. Preliminary results show that the realization of hierarchical microstructures is the way how biological materials achieve superior material properties. Robust and reliable adhesion systems of geckos are obtained through a hierarchical assembly of fibrils [5]. Similarly, toughness and defect tolerance of biological hard tissues are the result of hierarchical microstructures ranging over several length scales, from nano to macro [6]. The outcome of this research may contribute to a future development of new nanocomposite materials, mimicking the structures of biological materials. A pioneering effort in this direction is given by cellular polycrystalline materials recently designed by Fang et al. [7]. Extruded single fibers were packed together and put through a further extrusion process. The result is a honeycomb microstructure as sketched in Fig. 1, in which the cores are of polycrystalline diamond (PCD) and the cell walls are of WC/Co. Toughness and hardness of these new materials are considerably higher than those of standard homogeneous PCD, as also analytically predicted in [8]. This seems to be primarily attributed to the cell boundary material, which deters crack propagation and absorbs fracture energies, while the high hardness of the cell material provides wear resistance. In this context, to understand the role of the process variables on the mechanical response, it is urgent to move from real experiments to virtual (numerical) simulations. In this paper, an example of active design is proposed, where it is shown that the interfaces in hierarchical cellular materials are determinant for the realization of desired material responses. Figure 1 : Scheme of a functionally designed cellular microstructure (adapted from [9]). F RACTURE MECHANICS OF HIERARCHICAL CELLULAR MATERIALS The effect of the upper scale interfaces on crack growth et us consider a bimaterial component where an external layer composed of polycrystalline cells is bonded to a substrate (see Fig. 1). This is for instance the case of the bit of a cutting tool, where the external layer is usually made of polycrystalline diamond (PCD) and the substrate is hardmetal. This composite structure is then joined to a steel support (for more details about geometry and material properties, please refer to [10,11]). When subjected to repeated loadings, as during cutting operations, different failure modes (micro-, meso- and macro-chipping) may occur, depending on the initiation point of a crack on the vertical side in tension. Different failure mechanisms (brittle crack propagation, fatigue crack growth) may also occur. In general, chipping leads to a premature failure of the bit ad therefore to a reduced lifetime of the tool. L